The Supreme Court has directed the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to conduct a thorough and impartial investigation into the death of Ranjana Diwan, the wife of a senior judicial officer. The Court's decision overturns the High Court of Chhattisgarh's dismissal of the appellants' writ petition, which sought a fair investigation into what they believe to be a suspicious death rather than a suicide. The Court's intervention aims to dispel doubts about the fairness of the local police investigation and ensure justice for the deceased.

1. Background and Context

• Date of Incident: May 12, 2016
• Deceased: Ranjana Diwan, wife of Respondent No. 7, a senior judicial officer.
• Initial Report: Death was reported as suicide by hanging with six ante-mortem injuries.

2. Key Events

• Post-Mortem Report: Indicated asphyxia due to hanging with six distinct ante-mortem injuries.
• Police Investigation: Initially treated as a suicide; closure report filed without registering an FIR against Respondent No. 7.
• Appellants' Allegations: Suspected undue influence by Respondent No. 7 in the investigation process, citing lack of transparency and justice.

3. Legal Actions Taken

• Writ Petition: Filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, seeking orders for a fair investigation, including the possibility of transferring the investigation to the CBI.
• High Court Decision: Dismissed the petition, suggesting that appellants should approach a Magistrate under Section 156(3) of the CrPC.

4. Supreme Court Decision

• Order: Directed the CBI to conduct a complete and fair investigation into the case, overriding the High Court's decision.
• Reasoning: The Court noted the need for an independent investigation to address allegations of bias and influence by a senior judicial officer.

Acts and Sections Discussed

**1. Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)

• Section 174: Deals with the investigation of suicide or unnatural deaths.
• Section 156(3): Allows a Magistrate to order the police to investigate a cognizable offense.

**2. Constitution of India

• Article 226: Grants the High Court power to issue writs for enforcement of fundamental rights.

Ratio Decidendi

**1. Judicial Precedents

• State of West Bengal v. Committee for Protection of Democratic Rights: The Court can direct a CBI investigation when necessary to ensure justice and maintain public confidence in the investigation process.
• Bharati Tamang v. Union of India: Emphasized the importance of a fair investigation and accountability of the investigative agencies.

2. Principle

• Independence of Investigation: The need for a fair and unbiased investigation in cases involving high-ranking individuals to ensure justice and maintain public trust in the legal system.
• Preventing Misuse of Influence: Ensuring that no undue influence affects the investigation process, particularly when allegations of bias exist.