Constitution of India, 1950 – Article 21 – Right to Speedy Trial – Prolonged incarceration of an undertrial prisoner for five years without conclusion of trial is violative of fundamental rights – Courts must ensure expeditious proceedings – Delays adversely impact both the accused and victims – Held, accused ordered to be released on bail with strict conditions – (Para 10, 14, 15).

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 – Section 313 – Examination of the Accused – Accused required to appear in person only for final statement recording – Virtual appearance permitted for other hearings – (Para 17).

Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 – Sections 10, 13, 17, 38(1)(2), 40 – Possession of alleged Naxalite-related materials – Recovery of articles such as shoes, cloth, wires, LED lenses, and walkie-talkies – Panch witnesses turned hostile – No previous criminal antecedents – (Para 4, 7).

Indian Penal Code, 1860 – Sections 120B, 201, 149 read with 34 – Criminal conspiracy, destruction of evidence, unlawful assembly – No substantial progress in trial despite examination of 42 out of 100 proposed witnesses – (Para 6, 11).

Nature of Litigation:
Appeal against High Court’s refusal to grant bail in a case registered under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, and the Indian Penal Code, 1860.

Relief Sought:
Appellant sought bail due to prolonged incarceration and delays in trial proceedings.

Reason for Filing:
Five years in judicial custody without completion of trial – No past criminal record – Key prosecution witnesses turned hostile.

Prior Decision:
High Court dismissed bail application citing gravity of charges and ongoing trial.

Issues:
a) Whether prolonged undertrial detention without conviction infringes upon Article 21.
b) Whether the delay in trial, despite hostile witnesses, justifies grant of bail.

Submissions:
Appellant: Right to speedy trial violated – No progress despite five years in custody – Panch witnesses turned hostile.
State: Serious allegations – Large number of witnesses to be examined – Public interest concerns.

Decision:
Supreme Court allowed bail – Set aside High Court’s order – Directed release with conditions.

Ratio:
Mere seriousness of allegations does not override the right to a speedy trial – Accused cannot be indefinitely detained without conclusion of trial.

Subjects:
Right to Speedy Trial – Bail – UAPA – Prolonged Custody – Hostile Witnesses – Judicial Delay – Criminal Conspiracy – Undertrial Prisoner